LSZH and PVC cables

The European market is demanding that cables used in LANs, WANs, etc. meet LSZH specification. The IEC -1 governs the Flame Retardant Grade specifications in reference to LSZH cables.

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Essentially, the compound used in manufacturing cables meeting the above specification reduces the amount of dangerous/poisonous gases in case of fire. The main difference in specifications between IEC -1 versus UL® , UL and UL 910 is that the cable under the IEC spec can continue to burn while still emitting very low gases. The UL specs demand that the flame be extinguished, but it can still emit dangerous/poisonous gases.

Today virtually all medium and large installations in Europe must meet the IEC specification. Many public authorities are already demanding that new installations must meet IEC -3 which is a more demanding flammability specification for LSZH. IEC for smoke emission is part of all Black Box LSZH bulk cables.

What's the difference between PVC and LSZH cables

Physically, PVC and LSZH are very different. PVC patchcords are very soft; LSZH patchcords are more rigid because they contain the flame retardant compound, and they are aesthetically more pleasing

A PVC cable (made of polyvinyl chloride) has a jacket that gives off heavy black smoke, hydrochloric acid, and other toxic gases when it burns. Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) cable has a flame-resistant jacket that doesn't emit toxic fumes even if it burns.

LSZH cables usually cost more than the equivalent PVC cable, and certain types are less flexible. LSZH cable does have some restrictions. According to CENELEC standards EN, , , screened cables must be halogen free. However, no similar regulation yet applies to unscreened cables.

Where do you run the cable?
Whether you choose a riser (PVC), plenum or LSZH jacket depends on where you're going to run the cable.

PVC cable is commonly used for horizontal runs from the wiring centre. You can use it for vertical runs between the floors - but only if the building features a contained ventilation system running through the duct work.

LSZH cable is used between floors in a building. It has a special flame-retardant coating.

A plenum is a space within the building created by building components, designed for the movement of environmental air.

Building showing plenum cable (red) and riser cable (blue).

Learn more: Solid vs Stranded Patch cables
More about Copper Cable standards: CAT3 and CAT4 cables

FIBER CABLES BUYING GUIDES

Introduction

Selecting between single-mode and multimode fiber for advanced data networking and telecommunications. Fast transmission speeds, reduced cable size and weight, and extensive signal coverage are among the advantages that render fiber optic cables an excellent option for corporate data networking and telecommunications needs.

This purchasing guide aims to assist you in:

1- Gaining an understanding of fiber optic cable and identifying its essential characteristics

2- Acquiring knowledge of crucial inquiries to make prior to fiber optic cable selection

3- Identifying the suitable type of fiber optic cable for your network

4- Evaluating the various options of optical fiber cables to make an informed decision.

MTP/MPO Single mode Trunk Cable

How to Choose Fiber Optic Cable

Selecting the appropriate fiber optic cable can be intricate given the array of cable types, performance attributes, and specific installation prerequisites. Begin by assessing the necessities for:

1- Transmission Distance

2- Network Data Rate

3- Cable Outer Covering

4- Connector Types

Once you've refined your options, factor in cost considerations and the potential for future scalability. Further criteria may be influenced by the demands of your unique application. If you require aid in determining specifications or choosing between pre-terminated or custom fiber cable solutions, please don't hesitate to reach out to us for assistance.

Network Speed and Distance

Previously, Multimode fiber (MMF) was commonly preferred for data centers and corporate networks due to its lower cost compared to Single mode fiber (SMF). However, the cost disparity between the two has diminished over time. For instance, nowadays, the price difference between a 3-meter LC-to-LC duplex SMF cable and its MMF counterpart is approximately one US dollar.

Instead of fixating on the choice between single mode and multimode fibers, it's more pertinent to consider factors such as connection distance and network speed, which are determined by the overall network architecture. If your requirement involves transferring large volumes of data over relatively short distances (e.g., less than 300 meters), opting for OM3 MMF might be optimal. Conversely, if the priority is on data transmission speed or distance, SMF should be considered. It's worth noting that the transmission range of MMF is contingent upon the OM rating of the cable.

Cable Jacket

Indoor fiber cabling must adhere to local fire codes, with fire rating and jacket identification outlined by Article 77 of the National Electric Code (NEC) in the US. Ensure that the cable jacket meets the appropriate rating if it will pass through risers or plenum spaces.

Aside from fire rating, factors such as flexibility and tensile strength of the cable jacket should also be taken into account. For detailed information on jacket materials and fire ratings, refer to resources on Fiber Optic Cable Jackets.

The selection of fiber optic cable terminations is typically determined by the ports available on your network equipment. For instance, if your 10G Ethernet switch features multi-fiber MTP ports, cables with the requisite number of fibers will be necessary.

For applications requiring 40GbE or 100GbE, consider utilizing Active Optical Cables (AOCs). These cables integrate optical fiber cable and transceivers, eliminating the need for connectors altogether.

Fiber Optic Cable Basics

What is a Fiber Optic Cable?

A fiber optic cable utilizes light for data transmission across extensive distances. It comprises a core, usually made of glass or plastic, encased in protective layers like cladding. Data travels as light signals through the core, while the cladding confines these signals within. Additional shielding in the form of coating and a strength member safeguards the delicate fiber core from harm.

 These cables find applications in telecommunications, internet provision, and cable TV, offering several advantages over traditional copper cables. These include swifter data transmission rates, immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI), and the capability to cover greater distances. Moreover, they boast enhanced durability and resilience compared to copper counterparts.

Various fiber optic cable types are available, such as single-mode and multimode fiber, adaptable to different network setups like point-to-point, ring, and star configurations. They are predominantly employed for high-speed data transmission and are gaining importance with the escalating need for rapid and reliable wide area network connections

The core is the central component of a fiber optic cable, comprising a slender glass tube responsible for transmitting light pulses generated by a laser or LED. Single mode cores typically measure 8.3 or 9µm, while multimode cores come in diameters of 50 and 62.5µm.

Surrounding the core is the cladding, a thin glass layer that shields and encases it, reflecting light back into the core to facilitate light wave propagation along the fiber's length.

Next is the primary coating, also known as the primary buffer, which consists of a thicker layer of plastic designed to absorb shocks, prevent excessive bending, and reinforce the fiber core.

The strength member, composed of materials like gel-filled sleeves or Kevlar strands, is engineered to protect the fiber core from excessive pull forces and crushing, particularly during installation.

Finally, the outer jacket or cable jacket serves as the ultimate protective layer for the core conductor and reinforces the cable. It is color-coded to indicate the type of optical fiber in the cable, such as yellow for single mode and orange for multimode. Additionally, cable jackets carry fire ratings like OFNR, OFNP, or LSZH.

How Fiber Optic Cable Works

Light pulses propagate along the core of the fiber optic cable by bouncing off its sides. Apart from the light source, no additional power is necessary to convey a signal. These light pulses can travel extensive distances before experiencing attenuation and requiring regeneration.

The size of the core plays a crucial role in determining the signal's transmission distance. Typically, a smaller core enables light to travel over longer distances before requiring regeneration. Single Mode Fiber (SMF) features a diminutive core that maintains a narrow light path, enabling it to cover distances of up to 100km. On the other hand, Multimode Fiber (MMF) boasts a larger core that can accommodate more data. However, it is prone to signal degradation issues over extended distances, making it better suited for premises cabling and short-distance networks.

How far can a fiber optic cable carry a signal?

The distance over which signals can be transmitted depends on various factors including the cable type, wavelength, and network setup. Generally, multimode cables supporting 10 Gbps offer a typical range of around 984 feet, while single-mode cables can extend up to 25 miles. For longer distances, optical amplifiers or repeaters can be employed to regenerate and correct errors in the optical signal.

Can the light have generated by a single-mode laser damage your eyes?

Certainly, the laser emissions from the terminus of a single-mode cable or the transmit port on a switch have the potential to cause severe harm to your eyes. It's crucial to consistently use protective covers on both the ends of fiber cables and ports to prevent any accidental exposure to the laser light

Advantages of Fiber Optic Cable vs. Copper Cable

1) Enhanced data transmission speeds: Fiber optic cables achieve significantly faster data transmission speeds compared to copper due to the swift movement of light photons, with OM5 fiber reaching up to 100 Gbps, outstripping copper's maximum of 40 Gbps.

2) Expanded bandwidth: Fiber optic cables offer a much broader bandwidth capacity than copper cables, enabling the simultaneous transmission of larger data volumes.

3) Extended transmission distances: While both copper and fiber cables experience signal loss over long distances, copper suffers far greater attenuation. Over 100 meters, fiber experiences only a 3% signal strength loss, whereas copper experiences a substantial 94% loss.

4) Immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI): Unlike copper, fiber optic cables are impervious to EMI generated by copper wires, which can cause signaling errors in nearby cables.

5) Electrical isolation: Fiber optic cables, devoid of electrical conductivity, eliminate the need for grounding and eliminate risks such as electrical shock, arcing, and fire hazards.

6) Lightweight, compact design: Fiber optic cables have a smaller diameter and lighter weight compared to copper cables, simplifying installation and improving airflow within rack enclosures.

7) Enhanced reliability: Fiber optic cables exhibit greater durability and resistance to damage compared to copper cables, ensuring more dependable high-speed data transmission.

8)  Improved security: Fiber optic cables offer heightened security as they are difficult for unauthorized users to tap into, unlike copper cables.

9) Environmental sustainability: Fiber optic cables, composed of glass or plastic, are environmentally friendly materials, contrasting with copper cables, which are made of a finite resource, copper.

What's the difference between fiber optic and Ethernet cable?

Ethernet cable is commonly associated with copper category cable, yet Ethernet denotes the networking protocol enabling device communication over both copper and fiber cable. Network designers opt for either fiber or copper cable based on specific needs, often incorporating both within different network segments. Fiber is typically preferred for high-speed device connections, like switch-to-switch links in data centers or campus networks, where bandwidth and distance are crucial. Occasionally, using copper cable with comparable performance instead of fiber optic cable can offer cost savings. For instance, less expensive 10G-certified Cat6a cables may substitute duplex fiber cables, which demand expensive transceivers.

In residential setups, many telecom providers have adopted variations of Fiber to the X (FTTX), an umbrella term covering setups like Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) or Fiber to the Home (FTTH). The final cable run depends on the carrier-installed equipment on the premises. If the output port is copper, a standard copper Ethernet patch cable suffices. Conversely, if the output port is fiber, a fiber Ethernet cable is required between the switch or router and the device. To complete the connection, the device would necessitate a fiber port or a media converter for transitioning from fiber to copper.

What is the difference between fiber internet and cable (copper) internet?

Both fiber and cable internet offer high-speed internet access, but there are distinctions between them:

1) Speed: Fiber-optic internet boasts a higher maximum speed compared to cable internet. Fiber-optic internet can achieve speeds of up to 10 Gbps, whereas cable internet typically caps at speeds of up to 1 Gbps.

2) Reliability: Fiber-optic internet is renowned for its superior reliability over cable internet, as it remains unaffected by weather conditions or physical interference, unlike cable internet which can be susceptible to such issues.

3) Latency: Fiber-optic internet generally exhibits lower latency than cable internet, resulting in quicker data transmission from the source to its destination.

4) Availability: Cable internet is widely accessible, particularly in urban locales, but fiber-optic internet is not yet as prevalent and may not be accessible in all areas.

Often, the decision between fiber and cable internet hinges on what's accessible in your locality.

Fiber Optic Cable Types

Single mode vs. Multimode

1) Fiber optic cable comes in two modes: multimode and single mode, differing in the way light pulses travel through them.

2) Multimode fiber (MMF) cable is engineered to enable multiple modes or pulses of light to travel through its core. Its relatively wider core permits simultaneous transmission of multiple data streams at wavelengths of 850nm or nm.

Due to higher dispersion and attenuation rates, MMF is typically utilized in shorter-distance data transmission scenarios, such as within office buildings, schools, and hospitals. Its larger core diameter allows for the utilization of cost-effective light sources like LEDs or VCSELs, enabling data transmission over distances of up to several hundred meters.

Although MMF is more economical and easier to install and maintain compared to single-mode fiber, it presents several drawbacks. These include slower data transmission rates, limited transmission distances, reduced bandwidth capacity, and heightened susceptibility to signal degradation and attenuation over extended distances.

Single mode fiber (SMF) cable, like multimode fiber, is designed for transmitting light through its core. However, SMF has a smaller core diameter, typically around 9 microns, in contrast to the wider core of multimode fiber. This smaller core size prevents light signals from dispersing, enabling SMF to transmit data over much greater distances, up to several kilometers. It utilizes laser diodes for light emission, operating within the and nm bandwidth range.

Primarily employed in high-speed data transmission fields such as telecommunications, internet service, and cable television, SMF finds applications in scenarios requiring extensive bandwidth and long-distance data transmission, such as data centers and medical imaging.

While SMF is pricier than multimode fiber and necessitates specialized equipment for installation and upkeep, it offers various benefits, including accelerated data transmission rates, extended transmission ranges, and elevated bandwidth capacities

Why is multimode fiber optic cable being designated 50/125 or 62.5/125?

These designations indicate the sizes of the core and cladding in the fiber optic cable. For instance, a 50/125 cable denotes a core diameter of 50 microns and a cladding diameter of 125 microns.

Simplex vs. Duplex

Simplex cable employs a solitary fiber strand featuring a transmitter (TX) at one end and a receiver (RX) at the other. It is non-reversible and facilitates unidirectional transmission exclusively. Typically, it finds application in monitoring scenarios where a sensor relays time-critical data to a central system.

Full duplex cable employs two fibers to facilitate simultaneous transmission and reception of data, effectively functioning as two simplex cables collaborating to manage bidirectional data transfer. Both ends of the cable feature dual connectors capable of transmitting and receiving data simultaneously. Conversely, half duplex cables support two-way communication but not concurrently. These duplex cables are commonly employed to link network devices in high-speed networks, including switches, servers, and storage systems.

Fiber Polarity

In duplex fiber cables, a bidirectional connection necessitates the use of two fibers: one for transmission and one for reception. Polarity denotes the direction of light propagation from one end of the optical fiber to the other. To establish a connection, a transmitter (Tx) must be linked to a corresponding receiver (Rx) at the opposite end of the cable.

To mitigate polarity issues during installation, TIA has issued guidelines aimed at ensuring consistent polarity, particularly across multiple segments (refer to ANSI/TIA-598-C, Annex B). The standard introduces position A and position B labeling for connectors and adapters, with position A at one end aligned to position B at the other. When viewing a connector head-on with keys oriented upwards, "A" is consistently positioned on the left, while "B" is positioned on the right.

A-to-B Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cable

AMPCONNECT's fiber patch cords also feature color-coded designations. You can observe that the yellow sleeve on the cable signifies Position A on one end and Position B on the other.

Switchable Polarity Connectors

Why Are Switchable Polarity Connectors Necessary?

A-B duplex patch cords offer a crossover, enabling the transmitter to connect to the receiver. Whether it's a single cable or a combination of patch cords, adapters, and patch panels, the total number of crossovers within a channel should always be odd.

The majority of fiber optic duplex cables come with a set polarity, indicating that the positions of the LC connectors remain fixed and cannot be altered. However, there are occasions where switchable polarity cables are required, either as part of the initial design or to rectify installation mistakes. In some scenarios, fiber cables connecting buildings or patch panels are installed straight through, despite this being against the recommendations outlined in the ANSI/TIA standard. Another common solution for correcting polarity errors during installation involves reversing patch cables.

How to Switch a Connector's Polarity

Switchable polarity cables feature LC connectors secured by a clip mechanism. When the clip is released, it enables the swapping of the A and B positions, thereby transforming an A-B cable into an A-A configuration.

Types of Switchable Polarity Fiber Optic Cable

1) 400G Single mode OS2 Switchable Fiber Optic Cable

2) 400G Multimode OM3 Switchable Fiber Optic Cable

3) 400G Multimode OM4 Switchable Fiber Optic Cable

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4) 100G Multimode OM4 Breakout Fiber Optic Cable

Miscellaneous Fiber Cable Types

1) Duplex Zip-cord Fiber

Zip-cord refers to an electrical cable design featuring multiple connectors that can be detached by pulling them apart. Duplex zip- cord fiber cable comprises two fibers enclosed by strength members and an outer jacket. An instance is shown on the right, displaying a duplex multimode zip-cord cable equipped with twin LC connectors at both ends.

N320-02M

2) Mode Conditioning Cables

A Mode Conditioning patch cord (MCP) is a duplex cable featuring multimode to multimode connectivity on the receive (Rx) side and single mode to multimode connectivity on the transmit (Tx) side.

Mode Conditioning cables enable the transmission of a single mode signal over multimode fiber, thus circumventing the need for costly network upgrades to replace older Gigabit LX transceivers.

N424-05M

Can I mix single mode and multimode fiber and equipment on the same network?

No, combining single mode fiber (SMF) and multimode fiber (MMF) leads to differential mode delay (DMD), causing reception errors due to the difference in core sizes. Mode Conditioning patch cables prevent DMD by directing the single mode signal off-center within the MMF core. This adjustment, known as "mode conditioning," generates a signal resembling a standard multimode launch, thereby mitigating transmission issues.

3) Active Optical Cables (AOCs)

Active Optical Cables (AOCs) are fiber optic cables featuring transceivers that are permanently affixed to both ends, eliminating the necessity for connectors. They find common use in top-of-rack scenarios where link distances are limited. The slim cables facilitate airflow particularly in environments with high port density.

N28F-01M-AQ

4) Multi-Strand Fiber Cables

Multi-strand fiber operates akin to duplex fiber, featuring multiple fiber strands facilitating data transmission in both directions. It is tailored to accommodate data rates surpassing 25G and employs an MPO/MTP connector.

These cables commonly incorporate either 12 or 24 fiber strands (referred to as 12F or 24F) within a single jacket. Additionally, multi-strand fiber may be configured as a breakout cable, comprising an MPO/MTP connector on one end and several duplex LC connectors on the opposite end.

N845-01M-8L-MG

5) Loopback Cables

A loopback cable, alternatively referred to as a loopback tester or loopback adapter, serves the purpose of testing signal transmission and identifying issues. It is inserted into either an Ethernet or serial port, enabling the redirection of outgoing signals from the transmit line back into the receive line for diagnostic testing.

N844-LOOP-12F

6) OM and OS Designations

The labels "OM" and "OS" denote Optical Multimode and Optical Single mode, respectively, as per the ISO/IEC standard, which addresses premises cabling. These designations categorize optical cables based on their wavelength and bandwidth characteristics.

The following table illustrates the comparison between various fiber types. (Table 1: Types of Fiber Optic Cables)

Multimode Bandwidth

In multimode fiber, light travels through various paths (modes) as it moves along the cable. The paths closer to the core's center are shorter, meaning light traveling these paths reaches the cable's length more quickly. To address this, multimode fiber slows down the shorter paths while allowing longer paths to move faster, ensuring all modes arrive at the receiver simultaneously. However, in practice, modes arrive at slightly different times, leading to light pulses spreading out and complicating signal interpretation for the receiver.

Overfilled vs. Effective Bandwidth

Older multimode cables utilized Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as their light source, which filled the fiber by utilizing all available paths. The Overfilled Launch (OFL) Bandwidth quantifies the data transmission capacity of cables with LED sources and is applicable to legacy fiber cables operating at speeds below 1 Gbps.

With the advancement of faster networks, a more focused light source was needed, leading to the development of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL), pronounced "vixel". VCSEL, a semiconductor emitting a laser beam perpendicular to its surface, provided a narrower beam, resulting in reduced signal dispersion. Moreover, VCSELs were more cost-effective to manufacture and energy-efficient. However, VCSEL light sources faced an issue: the light they emitted was not evenly distributed across the cable core, resulting in some modes carrying stronger light pulses than others. This uneven distribution necessitated the use of Effective Modal Bandwidth (EMB) instead of OFL to evaluate the performance of multimode fiber.

Comparing Multimode and Single mode Speeds and Distances

Table 2: Fiber Optic Cable Speeds and Lengths

What Is SWDM?

Shortwave Wavelength Division Multiplexing (SWDM) utilizes various wavelengths between 850 to 953 nm to transmit data over a cable. SWDM4 transceivers employ four light sources at different wavelengths to generate a multiplexed signal, which is then transmitted over a two-fiber duplex Multimode Fiber (MMF) cable. By leveraging wavelength instead of additional fibers, SWDM reduces costs and facilitates 40G and 100G data transmission rates over existing two-fiber cables.

SWDM4 is compatible with legacy 10G OM3 and OM4 duplex MMF, as well as the newer OM5 Wideband Multimode Fiber (WBMMF). OM5 is specifically engineered to accommodate SWDM4 wavelengths within the 850-953 nm range.

Fiber Optic Cable Termination

Unlike copper category cables, which universally employ the RJ45 connector regardless of cable type, fiber optic cables made of glass or plastic can be terminated using a diverse range of connector types. The selection of connector depends on factors such as the equipment used and the specific requirements of the application, including the expected number of mating cycles and susceptibility to vibration.

For single mode fiber, a clean and precisely aligned transceiver is essential for injecting light into its narrow core with sub-micron precision. In contrast, multimode fiber allows for a somewhat more lenient approach in this regard.

1) Ferrule Connector (FC)

The FC connector was the initial optical fiber connector to utilize a ceramic ferrule, enabling accurate positioning and secure locking of the fiber core in relation to the transmitter and receiver. While SC and LC connectors have largely supplanted FC connectors due to their cost-effectiveness and simplicity of installation, FC connectors remain favored in environments prone to high levels of vibration owing to their screw-on collet mechanism.

2) Straight Tip (ST)

At one point, the ST connector was widely used for both single mode and multimode fiber optic connections. It utilizes a bayonet-style twist lock mechanism, making it affordable and simple to deploy. While it remains prevalent in industrial and military settings, its use has diminished in other sectors, largely replaced by more compact connector types.

Subscriber Connector (SC)

SC connectors are equipped with a secure snap-in locking system that engages with a straightforward push-pull action. They offer a cost-effective and robust solution, capable of enduring up to 1,000 mating cycles. Available in both simplex and duplex setups, SC connectors have largely been supplanted by LC connectors within corporate networks.

Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack (MT-RJ)

This Small Form Factor (SFF) connector is utilized with multimode fiber. It boasts easy termination and installation processes, and its compact size enables twice the port density compared to ST or SC connectors. Its design and functionality closely resemble those of an RJ45 connector, rendering it suitable for Fiber-to-the-Desktop (FTTD) applications.

Lucent Connector (LC)

The creation of the LC connector stemmed from concerns regarding the bulky nature and susceptibility to dislodgment of ST and SC connectors. LC connectors boast a footprint roughly 50% smaller than that of SC connectors. This reduced size, coupled with a secure latching mechanism, has made LC connectors prevalent in environments such as data centers and telecom switching centers where maximizing packing density is essential.

Multiple-Fiber Push-On/Pull-Off (MTP/MPO)

The MTP/MPO connector features a horizontal, multi-fiber interface tailored for compatibility with high-bandwidth QSFP-DD transceivers. While possessing a width akin to SC connectors, MTP/MPO connectors can be vertically stacked within patch panels and switches. They excel in high bandwidth scenarios like cloud services and core data centers.

Corning/Senko (CS)

The recently introduced CS connector is significantly smaller than the standard LC duplex connector, by approximately 40%, which renders it suitable for extremely dense 200G and 400G networks that leverage the QSFP-DD and OSFP transceiver interfaces. This connector incorporates a push/pull tab mechanism along with a spring-loaded zirconia ferrule.

Fiber Optic Cable Jackets

Jacket Material

Most indoor fiber optic cables typically utilize an economical polyvinylchloride (PVC) jacket that is fire resistant. In certain scenarios, such as confined spaces excluding risers or plenums, a pricier alternative known as Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) jacket may be chosen. This LSZH jacket, crafted from thermoplastic or thermoset compounds, offers enhanced flame resistance and emits minimal smoke or harmful fumes when subjected to fire.

For outdoor applications, polyethylene (PE) is the preferred choice owing to its resistance to moisture and sunlight (UV rays), along with its ability to withstand abrasion and maintain flexibility across a wide range of temperatures.

Jacket Color

Colored jackets and connectors serve to indicate the mode and OM rating of indoor and military cables, simplifying the identification of a cable's capabilities and ensuring that installers select the appropriate cable type for each connection. Conversely, outdoor cable jackets are typically black to withstand sun damage, eliminating the need for color coding.

The TIA-598D standard specifies color code standards and conventions, which are detailed in the table provided below. Additionally, jackets contain printed supplementary information about the cable. For instance, the jacket of an OM4 multimode cable with core dimensions of 50/125 and an 850 nm laser-optimized bandwidth may be designated  as "OM4 850 LO 50/125".

* Military fiber optic cables use different colors for some cables e.g. OM1 multimode 62.5/125 cable jackets are slate colored rather than orange.

Fire Rating

The National Fire Protection Association's National Electrical Code (NEC) establishes fire resistance standards for fiber optic cables, categorizing indoor installations as plenum, riser, or general purpose. Cables installed in plenum spaces and risers are required to adhere to flame spread and smoke production guidelines as specified in NEC Article 770 and the UL Standard for Optical Fiber Cable.

UL outlines various types of optical-fiber cables, including:

- Optical Fiber Nonconductive Plenum (OFNP)

- Optical Fiber Conductive Plenum (OFCP)

- Optical Fiber Nonconductive Riser (OFNR)

- Optical Fiber Conductive Riser (OFCR)

- Optical Fiber Nonconductive General Purpose (OFNG)

- Optical Fiber Conductive General Purpose (OFCG)

What's the difference between conductive and non-conductive fiber optic cable?

Non-conductive cables do not contain any materials capable of conducting electrical current. In contrast, conductive cables incorporate metallic elements such as strength members, sheathing, or other components that may conduct electricity, albeit unintentionally.

Please note that fire regulations differ across various countries. In the United States, the installation and testing of premises fiber cabling are regulated by Article 770 of the National Electrical Code. In Europe, these regulations are overseen by the IEC/CEI, although individual countries may have their own standards organizations, such as the British Standards Institute (BSI) in the UK.

Optical Return Loss

When light pulses reach the end of the fiber core, a portion of the light is reflected towards the source, termed Optical Return Loss (ORL), measured in decibels (dB). ORL impacts fiber with a laser light source, potentially diminishing data transmission rates. Single mode fiber and multimode fiber employing a VCSEL light source are susceptible to ORL, whereas older multimode fiber utilizing an LED light source is not affected by ORL.

Are Optical Return Loss and Back Reflection the same thing?

ORL and Back Reflection are often used interchangeably, yet they represent distinct concepts. ORL encompasses the total power loss across all system components, including the fiber itself, whereas Back Reflection specifically refers to reflected power, constituting just one aspect of ORL.

To minimize Optical Return Loss, it's crucial to maintain clean ferrules and ensure proper mating of connectors. Additionally, selecting fiber optic cable with end-faces optimized for the physical interface can help reduce ORL. Initially, fiber connectors featured ferrules with flat faces, leaving a sizable area prone to damage during repeated mating. With Physical Contact (PC) connectors, the ferrules are polished to a slightly rounded surface, decreasing the size of the end face. Ultra Physical Contact (UPC) connectors take this a step further, featuring an end face with an even greater radius, facilitating fiber contact at the apex of the curve near the fiber core.

APC connectors feature ferrules cleaved at an angle ranging from 5 to 15 degrees. This angle is designed to guide reflected light out of the core, thereby reducing the ORL value.

Insertion Loss

Insertion Loss quantifies the light attenuation between two specific points along the fiber and is expressed in decibels (dB). It commonly arises during fiber termination via connectors or splicing, typically due to issues like misalignment of fiber cores, contaminated ferrules, or subpar connector quality. The aggregate insertion loss across all components within the system must adhere to the predetermined link-loss budget established with the installer.

Fiber Cable Installation FAQs

What is the minimum bend radius for fiber optic cable?

For a cable not subjected to pulling tension, its minimum bending radius should be at least 10 times the cable diameter. For instance, if a multimode cable has an outer diameter of 3.0 mm, its minimum bend radius would be 30 mm. However, the bend radius might need to be larger for a cable under tensile load. Consult the cable's specifications for specific information.

What is the maximum tensile rating (pulling force) for fiber optic cable?

During the installation process, fiber optic cables may undergo stress as they are pulled through ducts and around bends. Even when being pulled from the payoff reel, there is a risk of potential damage. Additionally, after installation, cables may face sustained pulling forces, such as at cable drops or when routed through risers.

The maximum tensile rating of a fiber optic cable indicates the highest pulling force the cable can withstand before its fibers or optical properties become compromised. Typically, cable manufacturers provide two values for this: one for the maximum tensile rating during installation and another for the maximum tensile rating during operation.

Ideally, fiber optic cable should be pulled manually with a smooth, consistent motion. It should not be jerked, pushed, or excessively twisted to avoid potential damage.

What is a Fiber Traffic Access Point (TAP)?

A passive fiber Traffic Access Point (TAP) permits network administrators to observe real-time network traffic without impacting the performance of the main connection. When combined with a traffic monitoring system, TAPs enable the monitoring of service quality, facilitate usage billing, and identify security breaches.

Key features of Fiber TAPs include:

1- No Latency: Fiber TAPs redirect a fixed portion of light energy without introducing any additional delays in the network.

2- 100% Packet Capture: TAPs transmit a complete duplicate of all bidirectional traffic to monitoring and security devices.

3- One Way Signaling: TAPs safeguard the production network from security breaches by permitting data flow only in one direction, from the network to the monitoring tool.

4- Split Ratio: This denotes the proportion of the signal diverted for monitoring. A common ratio is 70/30, meaning 70% of the signal remains on the main link while 30% is routed to the monitor.

5- Zero Configuration/Reliable Operation: Passive TAPs necessitate no setup, management, or external power. They are straightforward to deploy, fully transparent to the network, and pose no risk of potential failure points.

Fiber optic cable vs. copper cable: which is the best?

Fiber optic cables offer numerous significant benefits compared to conventional copper cables:

1) Enhanced Bandwidth and Speed: Fiber optic cables possess the capability to accommodate greater data rates compared to copper cables of equivalent size, resulting in elevated speed and bandwidth. This proves particularly advantageous for services like internet, television, and telephony.

2) Extended Reach: Fiber optic cables are capable of transmitting data across significantly longer distances without necessitating signal amplification. The light signals they utilize degrade at a slower rate than the electrical signals in copper cables, enabling data transmission over extended distances without compromising quality.

3) Improved Signal Integrity: By employing light signals rather than electrical ones, fiber optic cables exhibit reduced susceptibility to electromagnetic interference. This enhances the integrity of data transmission, reducing errors and bolstering reliability.

4) Enhanced Security: Intercepting data carried by fiber optic cables is notably challenging due to their transmission of light pulses. This inherent characteristic renders it difficult to intercept data without disrupting the entire communication link.

5) Compactness and Scalability: Fiber optic cables boast a thinner and lighter build compared to copper counterparts, facilitating easier installation and enabling a higher number of cables to be accommodated within the same physical space. This proves advantageous in environments where space is limited.

6) Robustness: Fiber optic cables demonstrate resilience to temperature variations and are water-resistant, rendering them suitable for diverse environmental conditions. Additionally, they are immune to corrosion, unlike copper cables.

7) Safety: Unlike copper cables, fiber optic cables lack conductivity, eliminating the risk of electric shock. Consequently, they can be installed in areas characterized by high electromagnetic interference, such as proximity to industrial machinery. Their non-conductive nature also enhances safety by mitigating fire hazards.

Although fiber optic cables entail certain drawbacks in contrast to copper cables, including higher costs and the need for specialized expertise for installation and upkeep, the advantages they offer typically outweigh these limitations. This is particularly true for scenarios demanding swift or long-range data transmission.

What is fiber internet?

Fiber internet, commonly known as "Fiber to the Home" (FTTH) or "Fiber to the Premises" (FTTP), offers high-speed broadband internet connectivity through fiber-optic cables. Due to their reduced vulnerability to interference and deterioration, fiber internet boasts exceptional reliability. Moreover, it facilitates significantly higher speeds, rendering it ideal for activities reliant on speed, such as business operations or online gaming.

Additionally, fiber optic internet can deliver symmetrical speeds, ensuring that both upload and download speeds are equivalent. This stands as a notable advantage over many traditional internet services, where upload speeds often lag behind download speeds.

Do I need a fiber patch cable to connect my computer to a fiber internet?

Fiber To the Home (FTTH) or Fiber To The Premises (FTTP) services usually conclude at an Optical Network Terminal (ONT), which is set up at the customer's residence or business by the Internet Service Provider (ISP). This ONT transforms the optical signal transmitted through the fiber cable into an electrical signal compatible with your devices.

Typically, in residential or small business setups, the ONT features an Ethernet output for direct connection to either a computer or, more commonly, a router facilitating network connectivity for multiple devices. This connection is often established using an Ethernet patch cable (preferably Cat6a or higher), rather than a fiber patch cable.

Nevertheless, in certain enterprise or high-performance computing scenarios where a device is equipped with a fiber-optic network interface card (NIC), it's conceivable to utilize a fiber patch cable to establish a direct connection between the device and the fiber network.

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